Strip foundations consist of continuous strips of concrete or masonry that support load-bearing walls or columns along their entire length. They are typically used in buildings with relatively light loads and stable soil conditions. Trenches are excavated to the required depth, and concrete is poured into the trench to form the foundation.

Spread footings, also known as pad footings or isolated footings, are individual concrete pads that support columns, piers, or posts. They are used to distribute the structural load over a larger area of soil, reducing the risk of settlement. Spread footings are commonly used in residential and light commercial construction.

Mat foundations are large, reinforced concrete slabs that cover the entire footprint of a building. They distribute the structural load over a wide area of soil, providing stability and minimizing differential settlement. Mat foundations are commonly used in areas with poor soil conditions or high structural loads, such as high-rise buildings or industrial facilities.

Pile foundations are deep foundations that transfer the structural load to deeper, more stable soil or rock layers below the ground surface. They consist of long, slender columns (piles) made of concrete, steel, or timber, driven or drilled into the ground and anchored to support the structure above. Pile foundations are used in areas with weak or unstable soil conditions, such as coastal regions, riverbanks, or areas prone to earthquakes.

Caisson foundations, also known as drilled shafts or drilled piers, are deep foundation elements constructed by drilling cylindrical shafts into the ground and filling them with concrete. They are used to support heavy loads or resist uplift forces in structures such as bridges, high-rise buildings, or transmission towers. Caisson foundations are particularly effective in areas with hard rock or dense soil layers.

Pier and beam foundations consist of a series of concrete piers or columns supporting horizontal beams, which in turn support the floor structure of the building. They are commonly used in areas with expansive soils or high water tables, as the elevated floor reduces the risk of moisture damage and allows for ventilation and access to utilities.

Slab-on-grade foundations consist of a single, thick concrete slab poured directly onto the ground, with no basement or crawl space beneath. They are common in areas with stable soil conditions and mild climates. Slab foundations are relatively inexpensive and quick to construct, making them suitable for residential and commercial buildings with simple floor plans.